Scientific Experiences in Mechanical Engineering

Original Research Articles

Performance Evaluation of Directed Energy Deposited (DED) Built-up of Titanium (Gr-2) Alloy using Metallurgical and Mechanical Properties

Shravani Banagiri , Kamakshi Sharma , Tahir Hussain Deader , Asmita Singh , Rajeev Kushwaha , Dinesh W. Rathod

Published
2 January 2027

Vol. 1 No. 1 (2027): Issue in Progress
Pages e7.1-16

DOI

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Abstract

Wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) enables near-net-shape fabrication of titanium components, but different metal-transfer modes can produce distinct thermal histories and build-height-dependent properties. This study comparatively evaluates commercially pure Titanium Grade 2 deposited using Cold Metal Transfer (CMT) and Pulse Multi Control (PMC) under their respective selected processing conditions. Two 20-layer deposits were fabricated using 1.2 mm titanium wire and characterized for microstructure, hardness, tensile behavior, and Charpy impact response. The calculated heat inputs were 248.4 and 473.6 J/mm for CMT and PMC, respectively. The characteristic microstructural feature size increased from the top toward the bottom of both deposits, ranging from 2.35–3.46 μm for CMT and 1.97–3.20 μm for PMC. PMC exhibited higher average hardness (324 vs. 298 HV) and ultimate tensile strength (527.4 vs. 516.2 MPa), although the higher average UTS of PMC was governed by a single bottom-region specimen, whereas CMT showed slightly higher average yield strength (500.2 vs. 493.8 MPa) and Charpy energy (0.80 vs. 0.76 J). The results reveal pronounced spatial variation in microstructure and mechanical response and indicate the importance of process-dependent thermal history in WAAM-fabricated commercially pure titanium, while the elevated hardness and limited ductility of both deposits indicate that possible interstitial pick-up requires further investigation.

Keywords

Directed energy deposition; Wire arc additive manufacturing; Cold metal transfer; Pulse multi control

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Publication Information
Published 2 January 2027
Section Original Research Articles
Copyright Copyright (c) 2027 Shravani Banagiri, Kamakshi Sharma, Tahir Hussain Deader, Asmita Singh, Rajeev Kushwaha, Dinesh W. Rathod (Author)
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Keywords
  • Directed energy deposition
  • Wire arc additive manufacturing
  • Cold metal transfer
  • Pulse multi control
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